How To Clone Using Egg Doners From Other Animals

1. What is a clone?
2. How practise you make a clone of an animal?
3. Does The Roslin Institute still clone animals?
4. What are the risks associated with cloning?
5. Did Dolly age prematurely because she was a clone?
6. How is the cloning of animals regulated in the UK?
7. Can clones be plant in nature?
8. Are identical twins clones?
9. Could cloning be used to assist relieve endangered species or to bring back extinct animals?
10. Are farm animals cloned today? Are they used to produce food?
11. What about cloning pets?
12. Tin humans be cloned? Is anyone doing this?
13. What is the future for cloning? Take other animate being species been cloned since Dolly?

1. What is a clone?

A clone is a living organism (such every bit a establish or creature), which shares the aforementioned genetic data as another organism. Yet, their characteristics can be afflicted past random mutations which occur in their Deoxyribonucleic acid during evolution in the womb or by the environs that they grow upward in, and then, although clones have the aforementioned DNA, they may not look the same or behave in the aforementioned way.

While some clones tin can exist found in nature (see FAQs half dozen & 7), it is also possible for scientists to create a clone or identical copy of an organism. It is important to sympathize that a cloned animal is not the aforementioned every bit a genetically modified animal. A cloned animate being shares the aforementioned Dna as some other fauna, while a genetically modified animal has had a modify made to its Deoxyribonucleic acid, but does non share its DNA with whatsoever other animals.

Scientists can too use bacteria or viruses to replicate or clone individual Deoxyribonucleic acid sequences that they are interested in. This is known every bit molecular or Deoxyribonucleic acid cloning.

2. How do you make a clone of an animal?

Dolly the Sheep was created using a cloning method chosen Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer or SCNT. In SCNT, the nucleus of an egg cell is removed and replaced with the nucleus of a donor adult jail cell. Because 99.9% of the cell's DNA is contained in the nucleus as chromosomal DNA (with the remaining 0.one% of DNA found in mitochondria), the resulting animal will share about exactly the same DNA as the original donor cell.

3. Does The Roslin Found even so clone animals?

We do non clone animals any more than, mainly because of the depression success charge per unit of the technique (Dolly was the simply beast born from 277 cloned embryos). In the years since Dolly was built-in new technologies have been developed, which are vastly more efficient than cloning. However, nosotros nevertheless utilize the skills and experience we gained while working on Dolly in our work with livestock animals today.

4. What are the risks associated with cloning?

Cloned embryos are more likely to be lost during pregnancy than normal embryos, which accounts for the low success charge per unit of cloning. Big Offspring Syndrome (LOS) tin besides bear on some cloned animals. Animals with LOS have growth defects and are considerably larger at nascency than animals resulting from natural matings. LOS is more oftentimes institute in cloned animals from livestock species, such every bit sheep, than in other cloned animals.

These abnormalities may be caused by the weather condition used to abound the cells and embryos in the lab, which might be improved by future enquiry.

v. Did Dolly age prematurely considering she was a clone?

Because Dolly's DNA came from a six yr one-time sheep, there were many questions about whether the cloning process had successfully reset the DNA to that of an embryo or whether Dolly carried artefacts in her Deoxyribonucleic acid that would normally be found in an older animals. This led to speculation virtually what Dolly's 'genetic' historic period was and whether she aged more quickly than a sheep that wasn't a clone. Because Dolly was the first animal to be cloned from an adult jail cell, scientists did not fully know what happened to the donor DNA during cloning.

Diagram showing where telomeres are found on the chromosome. Epitome courtesy of Genome Enquiry Limited and taken from world wide web.yourgenome.org

Analysis of Dolly's DNA when she was one yr old showed that the protective caps on the end of her chromosomes (known as telomeres) were shorter than those of a normal sheep of the same age. Telomeres get shorter with age and information technology is possible that Dolly's telomeres had non been fully renewed during the cloning procedure. Nevertheless, the telomeres of other cloned animals take been institute to be a similar length or fifty-fifty longer than those of normal animals. The reasons for these differences in telomere length are not completely clear and require farther investigation.

Acquire more than nearly telomeres [yourgenome.org]

Dolly did develop arthritis at the age of four, which could have been a sign that she was ageing prematurely. Notwithstanding, information technology is not clear whether the arthritis was caused by Dolly'south 'old' Deoxyribonucleic acid or past the fact that, for security reasons, she spent a lot of her time in a shed with a concrete floor or that she was given a lot of treats in order to get her to pose for photographs and, equally a effect, was quite overweight.

six. How is the cloning of animals regulated in the Great britain?

Animal cloning for the purposes of scientific inquiry is legal in the European Matrimony, which includes the UK. Like all experiments which involve the apply of animals, researchers who desire to make cloned animals must take their work approved by the Home Office before they can brainstorm.

In September 2015 the EU voted to ban the cloning of animals for not-research purposes, such as cloning valuable subcontract animals or pets.

seven. Tin clones be found in nature?

Yep, everywhere! Any organism which can produce offspring on its own, without any other individual being involved, is producing clones. This is as well known as reproducing asexually. An example of this are bacterial cells, which reproduce just by dividing in two. The resulting 'daughter cells' share the same DNA equally the original bacterium. Some insects such equally aphids can reproduce asexually, a process known as parthenogenesis, and all of the offspring are clones of the female parent. Many plants can also make clones – if yous've ever taken a cutting from a plant and grown it, you lot've been cloning!

8. Are identical twins clones?

In a sense, yes. Identical twins occur when a single fertilised egg is split into 2, with the 2 resulting eggs sharing the same Dna. In a sense, they are even more than identical to each other than a clone would be to its Dna donor, as they often share the same environments both before and after nativity, which clones more often than not do not.

nine. Could cloning exist used to help save endangered species or to bring back extinct animals?

It is possible that cloning could be used to produce animals from species that are either endangered or extinct, but at that place are several practical problems which would commencement have to be solved.

The low efficiency of cloning means that a lot of healthy cells and embryos would be needed to be sure of success. Finding plenty cells from an endangered or extinct species as well as a suitable source of recipient egg cells and surrogate mothers poses a considerable challenge. For example, if you wanted to bring dinosaurs dorsum to life, which animal would you utilize to requite birth to the first clones? Another event is that cells and embryos from different species require very specific weather to be successfully grown in the lab, if they can be grown at all. Working out what these weather are can accept a lot of time and research – information technology took four years of further work after Dolly's birth for pigs to be successfully cloned.

10. Are farm animals cloned today? Are they used to produce food (meat, milk, eggs etc.)?

The cloning of subcontract animals for commercial reasons is immune in some countries, such equally the US, merely was banned in the European union in September 2015. Even in countries where commercial livestock cloning is allowed, the loftier costs mean that mostly only animals which are very valuable are cloned. Only the offspring of these cloned animals enter the nutrient chain, although there is growing bear witness to suggest that cloned animals are safe for humans to eat.

11. What about cloning pets?

It is understandable that someone would desire to clone a beloved pet after it dies. Even so, at that place would still be significant differences between the clone and the original pet, both in their looks and personality. A expert example of this is the first cloned cat CC and her DNA donor Rainbow. Although CC is Rainbow'southward clone and shares her Dna, the 2 cats expect completely unlike. This is because glaze color and blueprint is influenced by the environment in the womb, something which cannot be replicated past cloning.

Rainbow (left) and CC with her surrogate mother (right). Although CC is Rainbow'south clone and they share the aforementioned nuclear Dna, their coat markings are noticeably different. Epitome reprinted past permission from Macmillan Publishers Ltd: Nature (Shin T et al. 'Prison cell biology: A cat cloned past nuclear transplantation' 415, 859), copyright (2002)

12. Tin can humans exist cloned? Is anyone doing this?

Information technology is technically possible to clone humans using the same method which made Dolly. However, following the argue surrounding Dolly's nascency, man cloning for the purposes of producing more humans (reproductive cloning) has been banned in many countries around the earth, including the UK. There have been some claims in the media of successful homo reproductive cloning, but no scientific evidence has been produced to support these claims.

When Dolly the Sheep was unveiled to the public, many concerns were raised almost the possibility of using the same technology to clone humans. The scientists who were involved in the research which produced Dolly have discussed the ethical implications of her birth in many places, from scientific conferences to media interviews and public events, and accept repeatedly stated their opposition to human reproductive cloning. In the days following the announcement of Dolly's nascence to the media, Prof Ian Wilmut spoke in front of the US Congress and the House of Eatables Science and Engineering science Committee every bit part of their enquiries into cloning.

Therapeutic cloning, where cloned human embryos are created for the sole purpose of producing embryonic stalk cells for clinical research or use, is permitted by police force in the United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland only is very tightly controlled by the government. In therapeutic cloning, the embryos are but always grown in the lab and aren't transferred into a surrogate womb. Stalk cells produced past therapeutic cloning are a genetic match to their Dna donor, who could be a patient with a disease such as motor neuron illness or diabetes. Stem cells which have been cloned from patients like these can be studied by scientists to discover more than about what happens to cells in these diseases or could provide a source of patient-matched stem cells to replace faulty cells in the patient's trunk.

Although scientists have produced human embryos by therapeutic cloning, iPS cell engineering is a more efficient method of producing patient-specific stem cells and has fewer ethical concerns attached to information technology. As a result, information technology is now a far more commonly used method than therapeutic cloning. Therapeutic cloning in the United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland is regulated past the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority.

This curt video from EuroStemCell, featuring Professor Sir Ian Wilmut who led the enquiry which produced Dolly,  explains the difference between reproductive cloning and therapeutic cloning and discusses the ethical bug associated with them.

13. What is the time to come for cloning? Have other animal species been cloned since Dolly?

At the moment, it seems unlikely that cloning by techniques similar SCNT will play a major role in time to come scientific research unless the success charge per unit is dramatically improved. Yet, information technology is impossible to predict what will happen in science – before 1997 most scientists would accept claimed that Dolly could never be created.

Quite a few other species accept been cloned since Dolly; from mice, rats and rabbits to dogs, cats, monkeys and wolves.

List of successfully cloned species [Wikipedia]

Source: https://dolly.roslin.ed.ac.uk/facts/cloning-faqs/index.html

Posted by: martinezdishoursenot.blogspot.com

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